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Medicine in the American Civil War
The state of medical knowledge at the time of the Civil War was extremely primitive. Doctors did not understand infection, and did little to prevent it. It was a time before antiseptics, and a time when there was no attempt to maintain sterility during surgery. No antibiotics were available, and minor wounds could easily become infected, and hence fatal. While the typical soldier was at very high risk of being shot and killed in combat, he faced an even greater risk of dying from disease.
==Background==
Before the Civil War, the armies tended to be small, largely because of the logistics of supply and training. Musket fire, well known for its inaccuracy, kept casualty rates lower than they might have been.〔In the several days' battle at Waterloo, a reported 47,000 were killed and wounded on both sides; perhaps one-fifth to one-quarter were killed. Barbero, Alessandro, ''The Battle: A New History of Waterloo''. Atlantic Books, 2006. ISBN 1-84354-310-9. pp. 419-420.〕 The advent of railroads, industrial production, and canned food allowed for much larger armies, and the Minié ball rifle brought about much higher casualty rates.〔It has been reported that in terms of casualties, the Civil War saw eleven "Waterloos", Bill Kauffman, (Woe Unto Those Who Transgress 'The Compromise' ), ''Free Lance-Star'' (Fredericksburg, Va.), March 4, 2001, p. D1, D4, although the casualty reporting may not be comparable. See also List of battles by casualties.〕 The work of Florence Nightingale in the Crimean War brought the deplorable situation of military hospitals to the public attention, although reforms were often slow in coming.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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